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Nieuws en info hier plaatsen (deel 4)

35.173 Posts
Pagina: «« 1 ... 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 ... 1759 »» | Laatste | Omlaag ↓
  1. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 08:05
    Rail exports from the US hold stable
    1 Views

    US exports of rail products held steady in June with exports remaining at similar levels to the previous month, Kallanish learns from steel export data collected by the US Department of Commerce.

    According to Census data, US exports of rail products totaled 11,904 tonnes in June. Exports for the month were down slightly from May's exports totaling 12,388t. The leading importers of US rail in June were Mexico (7,383t) and Canada (4,189t).

    In a by-product breakdown, US exports of standard rail reached 8,374t in June with steel railroad accessory exports totaling 2,615t.

    In an on-year comparison, US rail exports remain up above June 2020's exports totaling 7,861t. At the time, the leading importers of US rail were Canada (6,045t) and Mexico (1,698t).

    Zach Johnson USA
  2. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 08:06
    Infrastructure spending may boost yearly GDP by 7.3%
    1 Views

    Tentative infrastructure investment spending in the US under President Joe Biden's American Jobs Plan stands to boost GDP by 7.3% next year, Kallanish learns from Oxford Economics.

    According to Oxford's baseline economic forecast, US GDP is expected to increase by 7.3% in 2022 and by 3.5% in 2023 from increased federal investment as part of the $1 trillion Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal framework under President Biden's larger American Jobs Plan. However, there are several factors that may lessen the projected GDP gains - such as high inflation, which may decrease growth to 6%.

    “The private, local, state and federal sectors are all expected to boom away with double-digit growth at least through next year and 2023,” says Mark Killion, Oxford Economics' director of US industry.

    Federal infrastructure spending is projected to increase significantly from 2022 through 2025, with overall spending expected to increase by 70% over the next four years. In contrast, infrastructure spending rose by just 4.8% from 2015 through 2019.

    Zach Johnson USA
  3. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 14:16
    Hyundai Steel reduces Japanese scrap purchase prices
    1 Views

    South Korea’s Hyundai Steel has cut its bid price for all grades of Japanese scrap, Kallanish notes. Its latest bid prices were JPY 1,000/tonne ($9/t) lower than the previous week for all grades with the exception of Shindachi grade which the mill bid JPY 500/t lower.

    The steelmaker placed bids for H2 grade scrap at JPY 44,000/t ($400/t) fob Japan. It also posted a bid at JPY 54,000/t fob for shredded scrap and JPY 57,000/t for HS grade scrap. Its bid at JPY 62,500/t for Shindachi Bara (loose) scrap and JPY 63,000/t for Shindachi Bundles. The validity of its bids closed by the afternoon of 27 August.

    Hyundai has enough inventory for now, a Seoul-based trader says. This is the same for the other Korean mills, he adds. While the Korean mill will keep buying Japanse scrap, it will limit buying quanitites. Hyundai Steel and Dongkuk Steel are still undertaking summer maintenance work at their mills, he notes. Demand for Japanese scrap has slowed mainly because of the weakened Korean Won, another trader says. The other factor for slower demand is that "the Japanese market has stayed subdued," he adds.

    In the Japanese domestic market, Tokyo Steel is paying JPY 48,500/t for H2 grade scrap trucked to its Utsunomiya steelworks, unchanged since 7 August.



    Anna Low Singapore
  4. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 14:17
    Chinese steelmakers enjoy soaring profits in H1
    1 Views

    Thanks to strong steel demand and rising prices, more China-listed steelmakers reported surging profits in the first half of this year, Kallanish reports.

    Baotou Steel Union, the listed arm of Baotou Iron and Steel Group, has achieved a 32-fold increase in half-year profit of CNY 2.76 billion ($425.7 million), on an operating income of CNY 39.44 billion, up 41.09% year-on-year. Its production of iron, steel and finished steel meanwhile reached 7.17 million tonnes. 7.83mt and 7.36mt respectively, gaining 0.48%, 6.75% and 5.84% y-o-y.

    Shandong Iron & Steel’s net profits surged by 508.69% y-o-y to CNY 2.1 billion in H1, although its operating income only increased 46.54% during the same period. In the six months through June, the firm produced 6.65mt of iron, 8.36mt of crude steel, and 8.27mt of finished steel, down 1.95% and up 4.89%, 5.73% y-o-y respectively.

    Manashan Iron & Steel (Magang) posted a surge of 471.65% in semi-annual net profits, and an increase of 51.92% in revenue. The company meanwhile produced 7.47mt of iron, 8.88mt of steel and 8.3mt of finished steel, accounting for 79.38%, 79.21% and 77.21% respectively of the total output of Magang and its subsidiaries.

    In the given period, the operating income and net profits of Hangzhou Iron & Steel marched up 89.79% and 159.24% to CNY 25.46 billion and CNY 985.5m. In the meantime output of slab and hot rolled coil stood at 2.24mt and 2.27mt.

    By Kallanish Team
  5. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 14:17
    LatAm July exports to US rise sequentially
    1 Views

    Latin American steel shipments to the US increased month-on-month in July. The growth was mainly supported by higher shipments from Brazil, Kallanish notes. Exports, however, were lower on-year. Latin America in this context includes South and Central American countries together with Mexico.

    According to preliminary data issued by the US Census Bureau, July imports into the US from Latin America were 11.3% more on-month at 796,010 tonnes but 40.7% or 545,965t less compared to the same period in 2020. The year-on-year fall is mainly attributed to the unprecedented higher volumes shipped to the US by South American countries after the Covid-19 lockdown in the region last year. In July 2020, shipments surpassed 1.34 million tonnes.

    Seven-month US-bound shipments were down by 4.7% y-o-y to 5.17mt. The value of these exports was $4.28 billion.

    Brazil, the leading Latin American exporter of steel products to the US and second-largest globally after Canada, saw its steel shipments rise 34.8% m-o-m to 413,306t in July. This volume, however, was 705,835t less y-o-y. During January-July, Brazilian exports were 2.74mt, a fall of 21.2% compared to 3.48mt in the same period in 2020, US Census Bureau data show.

    Mexico, the second-largest exporter to the US in Latin America and the third-largest globally, shipped 349,343t of steel products in July, 9.7% lower compared to June but 137,987t more on-year.

    Seven-month Mexican exports to the US reached 2.26mt, 19.9% more on January-July 2020.

    Todor Kirkov Bulgaria
  6. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 14:17
    SRN Mineracão gets preliminary license for Piauí project
    1 Views

    Brazil's SRN Mineracão has received the preliminary environmental license for the extraction of iron ore in Piauí State, the company has announced. The project will be developed in the municipalities of Dirceu Arcoverde, São Raimundo Nonato and São Lourenço.

    The initial phase of the project foresees production of 300,000 tonnes/year of raw material, Kallanish notes. This volume will gradually increase by up to 2mt/y according to the market situation. SRN estimates it will begin extraction activities after 8-12 months once obtaining the final approval from the Piauí environmental authorities.

    “We will produce premium iron ore with 64% Fe content, with very low contaminants. Initially, it will be offered to the domestic market,” SRN comments. “The extraction process will be completed by dry methods, using a magnetic separation method and will not cause any environmental impact. We will not have a tailings dam,” the miner clarifies.

    According to the company, the transport of ore will be done exclusively by road using heavy trucks. SRN Mineração was established in 2009, merging six iron ore projects belonging to investors with mining rights in the São Raimundo Nonato region. Almost 95% of these are local partners and companies.

    Todor Kirkov Bulgaria
  7. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 14:18
    Italian crude production hikes again
    1 Views

    Italian crude steel output hiked again in July after increasing in the previous months, according to data issued by local steelmakers association Federacciai.

    Last month crude steel production rose by 27% year-on-year to 2.2 million tonnes, Kallanish notes. Output also hiked significantly in the first seven months of the year, by 26.1% on-year to 14.9mt.

    Italian flat steel production also rose by 24.8% to 960,000t, and by 14.9% to 6.5mt in the first seven months of the year.

    Longs output increased in July, by 17.4% to 1.2mt, and by as much as 33.4% to 8.3mt in January-July, Federacciai says.

    Natalia Capra France
  8. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 14:23
    Vietnam expects exports to support steel industry
    1 Views

    Steel production and consumption in Vietnam is being challenged by Covid-19 and the rainy season, which has reduced demand from construction. Following a slowdown in July, Vietnamese authorities and steelmakers are seeking ways to boost exports to support the growth of the steel industry, Kallanish notes.

    July data shows that monthly steel exports increased 5.96% on-month and 55% on-year, however, the country’s total steel sales including exports only remained stable from June at 2.1 million tonnes (see Kallanish passim). It is only export growth that is compensating for weaker domestic demand.

    Trang Thu Ha, Chief of the Vietnam Steel Association (VSA) Office, also attributed firm steel sales to export growth. On the other hand, he predicted that steel production and sales will face numerous difficulties in the remaining months of this year due to Covid-19 outbreaks in the south of the country.

    “We predict that steel consumption in the third quarter might not be better, and that in Q4 will depend on the results of our current Covid prevention measures,” he adds.

    Therefore, the strength of sales this year will be based on exports. Industry experts suggest steelmakers should promote exports, according to the Vietnam News Agency report.

    The Ministry of Industry and Trade (MoIT) however has also issued an executive document named “Strengthen the Managment of Export and Import of Some Products to Support Domestic Production and Consumption” on 23 August. The document requests the VSA, and iron ore and steel producers and exporters to consider issues related to input materials and cost reduction, and take measures to increase production. Some products are also required to meet domestic needs before they are exported, it adds.

    By Kallanish Team
  9. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 14:24
    FMG, Tsingshan smelters may start construction in October
    1 Views

    The Indonesian Minister of Maritime Affairs and Investment, Luhut Pandjaitan, said last week that the smelting plant joint venture between Australian miner FMG and China's Tsingshan Group will start the construction at the earliest in October 2021, Kallanish notes from a report by Reuters.

    With total planned investment of around $100 billion over ten years, the smelting of iron, nickel and copper ores could start as early as 2023, according to Luhut's report. He said FMG will initially invest $12 billion and Tsingshan could invest $30 billion in the first phase.

    The new plant would be located near a planned hydropower plant on Borneo island, according to a public report. Neither FMG nor Tsingshan responded to requests for comment before the publishing deadline.

    By Kallanish Team
  10. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 14:25
    Iran’s steel exports to Afghanistan decline
    1 Views

    Iran’s exports to Afghanistan stood at $728 million in the first four months of the current fiscal year (March 21-July 22), according to Hossein Salimi, chairman of the Iran-Afghanistan Chamber of Commerce.

    Iron and steel rods, some agricultural products, and foodstuff are among the main products exported from Iran to the neighboring country. Exports from Iran to Afghanistan have declined more than 85% due to the increasing tensions in the country, the portal of Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture (ICCIMA) has reported.

    Afghanistan was an important market due to USD flow to US-sanctioned Iran. Now the US is expected to cut aid to Afghanistan since it has fallen under Taliban control. This will reduce USD liquidity and consequently drive up inflation in the country.

    This year it has been announced on various occasions that Iran planned to invest more than $5 billion in Afghanistan’s road and rail transportation infrastructure.

    Among the projects, the largest was the 656 km long Herat-Mazar-i Sharif railroad with almost $2.1 billion investment.

    The Iranian Steel Producers Association (ISPA) has announced in June that Esfahan Steel Company (ESCO) had inked a $4.3 billion deal to export rail tracks to Afghanistan.

    However, since the latest political turmoil started at the beginning of August in Afghanistan, export volumes declined to 15% of previous levels and future trade is unpredictable since the Sunni Taliban took over the control of the country.

    Shia Iran had emphasized railway and road projects in Afghanistan to transport its export goods to its leading export partner China and to other Turkic countries such as Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

    Burak Odabasi Turkey
  11. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 14:25
    Ferrexpo grows pellet output in July
    1 Views

    Swiss-headquartered iron ore miner and pellet producer Ferrexpo with assets in Ukraine saw production of iron ore pellets increase in January-July. The company produced 6.6 million tonnes, up by 2.9% on-year, Kallanish notes.

    In July alone, the company produced 1mt of pellet, up by 28.2%.

    Ferrexpo's production of iron ore pellets in H1 remained flat on-year at 5.56 million tonnes, but sales decreased by 9% to 5.56mt due to a prior drawdown of stockpiles (see Kallanish passim).

    H1 revenue increased 74% year-on-year to $1.3 billion, reflecting market conditions and investments in increasing pellet quality. Ebitda rose by 147% to $868 million, while profit after tax also gained by 165% to $661m.

    Ferrexpo expects global iron ore demand to decline in the second half of 2021, on reduced government stimuli. The company is currently undertaking expansion work and expects this will deliver growth in the near-term, having invested $93m in capital expenditure in H1. The firm says it is already looking ahead to its next phase of growth.

    On product quality, the company has secured its first long-term contract for its latest product offering, high-grade Fe 67% direct reduction pellet, which it claims represents the future of global steel production.

    As of July, the consensus forecast for iron ore prices (62% Fe) in 2021, based on a grouping of 11 investment banks, was $170/t for the full year. This implies a decrease in the average iron ore price by approximately $15/t in H2 from the level seen in H1, Ferrexpo says.

    Svetoslav Abrossimov Bulgaria
  12. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 14:26
    Chinese rebar rebounds with strong futures market
    1 Views

    The Chinese rebar market rebounded last week on strong futures prices. Spot market demand however is not as strong as expected, Kallanish notes.

    In Shanghai on Friday afternoon, 20mm HRB400 rebar was trading at CNY 5,050-5,070/tonne ($779-782/t), up CNY 100/t from the week before. On the Shanghai Futures Exchange on Friday the January 2022 rebar contract closed CNY 114/t higher than Thursday at CNY 5,222/t, and CNY 122/t higher than last Friday.

    The spot market saw a rebound at the beginning of last week following a sharp decline the previous week. Last Tuesday, the jump in futures drove up the spot market price, and sellers' confidence increased. But in fact, sales volumes that were not as good as expected and the market gradually cooled down in the last few days of last week, and traders had to cut prices again to boost sales.

    Market participants expect that demand will gradually increase in September, leading to a recovery of steel prices. Therefore, on Friday afternoon, some traders tried to increase their offers to stimulate the market, but deals were not being reached at higher levels.

    By Kallanish Team
  13. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 14:27
    Evraz expands railway production with new facilities
    1 Views

    Miner and steelmaker Evraz’s NTMK is developing its railway wheel production facilities with new modern equipment for drilling, painting and balancing wheels, the company says.

    Total investments in the projects will amount to more than $4 million, Kallanish notes. The new units will be launched during the second half of 2021 and the first half of 2022.

    Drilling and milling and balancing machines will be installed in the workshop, a wheel painting line will be equipped, which will increase the volume of production of processed wheels, the enterprise claims.

    In addition, an autonomous magnetic powder flaw detection unit is additionally put into operation in the shop. This is necessary for the manufacture of wheels with the fulfillment of the requirements of the new GOST for non-destructive testing.

    At the end of 2021, it is planned to launch an additional belt saw machine for the preparation of samples and samples for product certification.

    "Evraz NTMK is constantly developing the production of railway wheels and we are putting into operation new capacities for machining wheels, quality control, expanding the range of rolled products for transport purposes,” said the company’s vice president Denis Novozhenov.

    Evraz NTMK produces more than 70 types of railway wheels, including for freight and passenger cars, special rolling stock, and the metro. Now, it is developing a wheel with a mileage resource of 1 million kilometers.

    Evraz’s consolidated revenue increased by 24% on-year in H1 to $6.17 billion, while Ebitda was up 94% to $2 billion and net profit increased 67% to $1.2 billion. This was on the back of higher steel, vanadium and coal product sales prices.

    ?onsolidated sales increased by 6% on-quarter in the second quarter to 3.24m tonnes. Total steel products output rose 1.4% in Q2 to 2.69mt. The steelmaker expects Q3 pig iron output to decline slightly.

    Svetoslav Abrossimov Bulgaria
  14. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 14:38
    Auto electrification sparks interest in AHSS, NGO steels
    206 Views

    Steel’s future in auto is bright, especially - and not despite - the ongoing electrification trend, market sources tell Kallanish.

    A producer at one top-tier mill says the efforts put into developing advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) and ultra high-strength steels (UHSS) for lightweighting are equally applicable to battery-powered vehicles.

    The original goal of lightweighting was to decrease emissions by increasing the average mile-per-gallon traveled without resorting to costly or environmentally unproven alternatives like aluminium or carbon fiber. While battery electric vehicles (BEVs) produce no emissions, steel is still the material of choice from a strength, weight, lifecycle, and supply chain perspective, he says.

    “These BEV manufacturers have determined that they need to hit various cost/price points in these vehicles. They cannot make these fleets of BEVs in the coming decades all priced at $100,000 if they plan to sell them to you and me, so let’s say they target a $30,000 average cost,” he says. “ If they achieve lightweighting needs through steel versus other more costly materials and shave off $5,000 from the production cost below target, they can actually spend more money on the battery pack and other items to make the vehicle range more palatable to the public. A win-win-win in my mind.”

    A Midwest buyer notes that steel’s attractive price point will keep it relevant through the electric revolution.

    “Carbon fiber is too expensive, and they use aluminium now only where they can afford it,” he says, adding that it might still be too early to gauge the true impact - positive or negative - for electrification on steel.

    At least one major steelmaker is putting cap-ex directly into the electrification trend. US Steel is in the midst of producing a new non-grain oriented electrical steel line, ultimately destined for electric motor production. Cleveland-Cliffs has also begun expansion into the non-grain oriented arena.

    Dan Hilliard USA
  15. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 16:56
    OMK delivers steel products to Indian NPP
    1 Views

    Russia’s United Metallurgical Company (OMK)’s Belgorod plant has produced and shipped a batch of 62 bellows compensators for the Indian nuclear power plant Kudankulam, Kallanish notes.

    Bellows compensators with diameters of 400, 600, 700, 1000 and 1200 millimeters are designed for the manufacture of embedded channel sealed tunnels of pipelines of the 5th and 6th power units of a nuclear power plant.

    Test results confirmed the guaranteed fulfillment of the laid number of cycles for 40 years, the enterprise claims. This enamel has high levels of radiation resistance, is resistant to decontamination solutions and is able to withstand hot steam with a temperature of up to 300 degrees celsius.

    In addition, OMK shipped 138 tonnes of forges for the project to the Central Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering, part of the machine-building division of Rosatom - Atomenergomash. Parts of the condensate pump unit for units No. 5 and 6 of the Kudankulam NPP will be manufactured from them.

    Another 57t of fordings, from which elements for the Indian nuclear power plant will be made, are now in the production process. Also in the production stage are forged and stamped blanks, from which pipeline fittings will subsequently be manufactured - high-speed shut-off valves and valves for the 3rd and 4th power units of the Kudankulam NPP.

    Deliveries under this order will be completed in the fall of 2021.

    "Belgorod plant OMK was choosen as a supplier of these types of products because our company has extensive experience in the manufacture of elements for nuclear power plants,” said the plant’s director Nikolai Maksimenko. “For example, we have been making bellows compensators since 2006.”

    Svetoslav Abrossimov Bulgaria
  16. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 16:57
    SSAB optimises transnational data flow
    1 Views

    SSAB Europe has placed an order with SMS group covering the transnational networking of digital solutions for a stronger exchange between its four production sites in Finland and Sweden.

    The steelmaker has signed a contract with SMS’ subunit SMS digital for the digitalisation of its production processes on the way to a “learning steelworks,“ the plantbuilder says. SSAB will thus benefit from an improved, holistic flow of information of all plant data across the four locations Luleå and Borlänge in Sweden as well as Raahe and Hämeenlinna in Finland, SMS states.

    SMS DataFactory can be used as a data hub for seamless access to systems such as predictive plant monitoring, production planning as well as for quality and energy management, Kallanish learns from the plantbuilder.

    By means of cloud technology, SMS will make available to SSAB the uniform, cross-plant data management system within the next two years. The heart of the solution is the SMS DataFactory which has been in use by several leading steel producers under the name SMS QuinLogic PDW. It will provide SSAB a holistic view of the production locations, combined with an intelligent exchange of multi-site findings, SMS explains.

    Activities will start at the Hämeenlinna site in Finland, followed by Borlänge, Raahe and finally Luleå. For linking the locations with each other, the next step will be to set up the IT and cloud infrastructures.

    Christian Koehl Germany
  17. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 16:57
    Low supply, high skelp keep US OCTG elevated
    1 Views

    US energy tube pricing continues to rise on the back of extraordinary skelp prices and limited supply, Kallanish learns from market sources.

    Kallanish raised its representative oilcountry tubular goods price Friday to $2,200-2,400/short ton. All prices are ex-works, domestic mill, plain-end.

    Despite a free-fall in the oil and gas market early last year, skelp has buoyed tubular prices back to near-record levels. Hot-rolled in the US is currently hovering around the $1,875-1,900/st pricing mark.

    “Most imports are spoken for, and inventory is picked over,” says one Gulf Coast tubulars trader. “Prices are still rising.”

    Dan Hilliard USA
  18. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 16:58
    Northern European wire rod prices remain flat
    1 Views

    Northern European wire rod prices remained again flat this week, but expectations are for an unstable market in September, most market participants observe.

    “The holiday season continues in Europe, so the expectation is that prices will remain stable for now, despite the demand for wire rod," a buyer in the Netherlands confirms to Kallanish. Most participants in the northern European market are not buying more wire rod for their customers for September, because the mills have full stocks, he adds.

    Domestic transaction prices for drawing-quality wire rod are currently at €890-920/tonne ($1,034-1,081/t) ex-works and at €880-890/t ex-works for mesh quality, sources say.

    Producers are now asking for €920/t ex-works, on average, for drawing-quality rod.

    “Most buyers continue to wait and do not participate in new deals,” a German merchant comments.

    Wire rod quotes for now are not affected by declining scrap prices in Germany, another market participant notes.

    Old thick scrap sort 3, for example, fell to €440/t in August negotiations. The price for new scrap sort 2/8 decreased to €450-460/t in Germany. In Austria, old thick scrap sort 3 decreased to €455/t, but new scrap sort 2/8 hit €510/t.

    In Italy, wire rod prices are fluctuating as mills keep struggling with low import values for drawing-quality material offered by traders and producers from countries outside the EU (see Kallanish passim). Some domestic contracts have been closed this week at €850-870/t ex-works.

    Northern European wire rod market participants expect unstable prices in September due to the end of the summer holidays and high demand in Europe.

    Svetoslav Abrossimov Bulgaria
  19. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 17:07
    Het scenario waar niemand over praat: Nederland zonder de hoogovens
    Caitlin Stooker 14:11

    Tata Steel is een icoon van onze nationale industrie en tegelijkertijd de grootste uitstoter van broeikasgas. En het klimaat heeft topprioriteit. Politiek Den Haag moet dan ook een belangrijke beslissing nemen over de toekomst van de staalfabriek. Maar liggen alle opties wel op tafel?

    Zicht op Tata Steel vanuit Wijk aan Zee. Omwonenden hebben een aanklacht tegen de staalfabriek ingediend voor het moedwillig schaden van de gezondheid van mens en dier. Foto: Paulien van de Loo/ANP

    Alle industrie in Nederland moet verduurzamen, dus ook Tata Steel in IJmuiden. Dat wil demissionair premier Rutte, die 'Olympisch kampioen klimaataanpak' wil worden. Dat wil de vakbond, want er werken veel mensen in de IJmond. Dat willen de klimaatclubs, om de opwarming van de aarde te remmen. En de buren die kampen met overlast en zorgen hebben over hun gezondheid willen dat zeker ook.

    Het goede nieuws is dat Tata Steel dat ook wil. Of in ieder geval de Nederlandse tak van de staalfabriek - de Indiase aandeelhouder wil liever de bedrijven in Europa verkopen.

    Maar dan. De huidige productie vreet energie. Hoe verduurzaam je een proces waarbij de grondstoffen grotendeels worden geïmporteerd, waarbij met kolen en extreem hoge temperaturen wordt gewerkt en waarvan de uitkomst, sterk en buigzaam staal, vooral wordt geëxporteerd? Waar leg je de prioriteit?

    In politiek Den Haag liggen nu twee opties op tafel, die op donderdag 9 september tijdens een debat worden besproken. Optie 1: het opslaan van de CO2-uitstoot in lege gasvelden onder de Noordzee en op termijn overgaan tot staalproductie met waterstof. Optie 2 komt van vakbond FNV Metaal: direct kiezen voor die waterstofroute.

    Beide opties gaan uit van miljardeninvesteringen en de aanleg van deels nieuwe fabrieken en nieuwe infrastructuur. Want 'waterstofstaal' kent een ander productieproces dan 'kolenstaal'. Consultant Roland Berger onderzoekt op initiatief van Tata Steel en de vakbond de haalbaarheid van die twee opties (zie kader).

    Uitgangspunt is dat de huidige productiecapaciteit van 7 miljoen ton staal per jaar gehandhaafd blijft. Maar als je opnieuw mag beginnen, als er nog niets zou staan in Velsen-Noord, hoe zou je het dan doen? Het is een vraag die niet wordt gesteld.

    15 april 1991: staking bij wat toen nog Hoogovens heette voor een betere cao. Op de foto de lege kleedruimte na het uitroepen van de staking. De laatste werknemers kleden zich om en gaan naar de stakingsbijeenkomst. Foto: Jan Everhard/ANP

    Kolencentrale in Velsen-Noord
    Opvallend: in de discussie over Tata Steel is er vrijwel niemand die oproept tot sluiting van de staalfabriek, iets dat bij vervuilende kolencentrales wel het geval was en waarvoor een wet in het leven is geroepen. Voormalig minister Eric Wiebes van Economische Zaken en Klimaat (EKZ) was bereid om flink in de buidel te tasten om een aantal kolencentrales te sluiten en zo dichterbij de klimaatdoelen te komen.

    Terwijl ook de Hoogovens op kolen draaien. De restgassen worden bij Vattenfall in IJmuiden en Velsen gebruikt, waarmee de totale uitstoot jaarlijks op 12,5 megaton CO2 komt. Ter vergelijking: de gesloten Hemwegcentrale in Amsterdam stootte in 2019 zo'n 3,2 megaton CO2 uit.

    Zelfs de milieuclubs wagen zich echter niet aan dit standpunt en steunen het FNV-voorstel voor waterstof. De staalfabriek is van 'belang' voor Nederland, zo klinkt het. Het zijn ook de woorden die EZK en vakbond FNV gebruiken als het over de fabriek gaat.

    Dat 'belang' was vorig jaar ook de aanzet voor de motie-Moorlag (PvdA), waarin de Tweede Kamer het kabinet opriep om alles uit de kast te halen om de staalfabriek te behouden voor Nederland. Dat leidde in maart al tot individuele afspraken tussen Tata Steel en EZK over ophoging van de CO2-reductiedoelen en financiële en regelgevende steun.

    Maar wat is dat belang dan precies?

    Bijdrage aan de economie
    De staalfabriek is allereerst 'heel belangrijk' voor de economie, zegt een woordvoerder van het ministerie van Economische Zaken en Klimaat. 'Veel andere sectoren zijn afhankelijk van Tata, veelal mkb-bedrijven in de regio.'

    Uit een onderzoek uit 2019 van Oxford Economics blijkt dat de bijdrage van de basismetaalindustrie waar Tata bijhoort ongeveer uitkomt op zo'n €7,1 mrd: zo'n 1% van de totale Nederlandse economie. Volgens Tata Steel komt eigen de bijdrage aan de Nederlandse economie uit op €2,9 mrd.

    Ook de technische kennis is belangrijk, zegt EZK: 'Het gaat vaak om zeer specialistisch werk, waarvoor medewerkers worden opgeleid in de eigen Tata Steel Academy. En diverse technische opleidingen aan hogescholen en universiteiten zijn afhankelijk van Tata Steel voor hun studie-onderzoeken naar metallurgische processen.'

    Werkgelegenheid
    Tata Steel is daarnaast een grote werkgever. Volgens EZK is de staalfabrikant goed voor 11.000 directe banen en 47.000 indirecte banen. Het aantal mensen dat werk heeft dankzij Tata fluctueert nogal. Zo heeft vakbond FNV Metaal het over 30.000 indirecte banen en Tata Steel spreekt over 40.000 banen in de regio, maar telt daarbij wel de eigen werknemers mee.

    'Boterzacht' noemt Hans Schenk schattingen over indirecte werkgelegenheid. 'Maar dat geldt voor álle multiplierschattingen, ook van overnameonderhandelingen.' Schenk is emeritus hoogleraar economie van de Universiteit Utrecht en mede-auteur van de waterstofplannen voor de fabriek (zie kader). 'Maar het gaat zeker om meer dan 11.000 banen.'

    Ook hoogleraar arbeidsmarkt Ton Wilthagen noemt de ramingen over indirecte banen 'onwaarschijnlijk'. 'De meeste arbeidsplaatsen zijn goed voor een multiplier van 0,7 tot 1,7 voor hoogwaardige technische functies: dus gemiddeld één à twee banen. Ik zie niet hoe 11.000 banen meer dan 30.000 banen zouden opleveren.'

    Volgens Wilthagen is het de vraag of die indirecte banen vervallen en de werkeloosheid zou stijgen als de staalfabriek zou krimpen of verdwijnen. 'Op persoonlijk niveau is het natuurlijk vreselijk, dat wil ik niet bagatelliseren. Maar de werknemers hebben veel technische kennis. De arbeidsmarkt schreeuwt om die mensen. Na de sluiting van Fokker, de Philipsfabrieken of de scheepswerven in Amsterdam-Noord zagen we ook dat de arbeidsmarkt dat absorbeerde.'

    De woordvoerder van Tata Steel: 'Als wij minder produceren, zal minder schoon en hoogwaardig staal onze productie vervangen. Daar wordt de wereld niet schoner van.' Foto: Ramon van Flymen/ANP

    Hier vergroenen
    Een ander belangrijk argument voor doorgaan met staalproductie is dat de industrie híer moet vergroenen, zodat staal niet uit meer vervuilende landen komt. Want de vraag zal naar staal blijft, verwacht EZK: 'In dat opzicht heeft het de voorkeur om onze eigen nu al relatief duurzame productie verder te verduurzamen.'

    De staalfabriek biedt een kans om de economie te vergroenen, klinkt het. Het zijn ook belangrijke argumenten voor de milieubeweging. Partijen zoals Urgenda, Milieudefensie en Greenpeace zeggen dat met het FNV-plan het maken van daadwerkelijk groen staal binnen handbereik is, mits het waterstof-groen wordt. Daarmee wordt uitstoot elders voorkomen.

    Lees het volledige artikel: fd.nl/weekend/1409451/het-scenario-wa...
  20. forum rang 10 voda 27 augustus 2021 17:09
    Deel 2:

    Faiza Oulahsen van Greenpeace denkt dat als Nederland investeert in écht groen staal, er een toekomst is voor het staalbedrijf. 'Maar dan moet het geld wel gaan naar fysieke fabrieken en installaties die hier in dit land staan. De overheid moet harde eisen stellen en niet zomaar cheques uitschrijven aan de aandeelhouder.'

    Nieuwe fabriek, kleinere schaal?
    Hoewel er geen stemmen opgaan voor sluiting, zijn die er wel om de productiecapaciteit tegen het licht te houden. 'Schaal' was jarenlang het mantra van de staalsector, maar er is overcapaciteit. Volgens klimaatstichting Urgenda is het niet vanzelfsprekend dat de vraag in sectoren zoals de auto-industrie en de bouw blijft groeien. De stichting voorziet een lichte daling, door een grotere vraag naar houtbouw en gerecycled staal.

    Urgenda ziet, los van het FNV-waterstofplan, ook een optie in 'industriële symbiose'. Een 'circulaire hub' in de IJmond, met een kleine (fossiele) staalfabriek en chemie- en bouwbedrijven die de uitstoot gebruiken als grondstof. Dow Chemical in Terneuzen en staalproducent ArcelorMittal in Gent kijken hiernaar. Daarvoor is een duidelijke visie nodig op welke industrieën we in Nederland willen hebben, zegt Urgenda-directeur Marjan Minnesma. 'Als premier Rutte “Olympisch kampioen klimaataanpak” wil worden, moeten we daarover nadenken.’

    Ook omwonenden die de milieu-overlast aanvechten, en met strafrechtadvocaat Bénédicte Ficq (lees ook het profiel over haar in FD Persoonlijk) aangifte hebben gedaan tegen Tata Steel, laten dit geluid horen: sluiting hoeft niet als Tata zich aan de regels houdt. Maar is een kleinere fabriek niet mogelijk? Ook een projectontwikkelaar die op het Tata-terrein een stad wil bouwen wil het schonere deel van de fabriek behouden en daarmee een deel van de werkgelegenheid.

    Vakbond FNV Metaal denkt echter dat afschalen veel banen gaat kosten, en ook Tata Steel noemt minder capaciteit 'niet realistisch'. Minder capaciteit betekent niet dat de uitstoot wereldwijd gaat dalen, zegt woordvoerder Ariane Volz. 'Als wij minder produceren, zal minder schoon en hoogwaardig staal onze productie vervangen. Daar wordt de wereld niet schoner van.'

    Waterstof-staal, hoe maak je dat?
    Staal wordt gemaakt uit ijzererts. Hiervoor moet het ijzer uit de erts worden gehaald. Van de erts worden brokken, sinter, of kleine balletjes, pellets, gemaakt. Deze gaan traditioneel samen met bewerkte kolen, cokes, in een hoogoven. Door de hete verbrandingsgassen smelt het ijzer uit de erts. Daarbij komt veel CO2 vrij.

    Maar er is ook een manier om waterstof hierbij te gebruiken. Waterstof wordt gemaakt van een energiebron zoals elektriciteit of aardgas. Groene waterstof wordt gemaakt van duurzame energiebronnen. Hier komt geen CO2 bij vrij. Als waterstof wordt gemaakt van aardgas (grijze waterstof), dan komt daar wel CO2 bij vrij. Die emissies kunnen worden opgevangen en opgeslagen, in jargon ‘blauwe’ waterstof.

    Waterstof kan ook gebruikt worden om ijzeroxide om te zetten in ijzer in vaste vorm, sponsijzer of direct-gereduceerd ijzer (DRI) genoemd. Dat kan daarna samen met schroot worden gesmolten in een elektrische oven. Dat voorkomt CO2-vorming: het zuurstof kleeft niet vast aan koolstof, maar aan waterstof en wordt daardoor water. Het is de start van een nieuw proces om staal te maken. De ontwikkeling heet fossielvrij en niet CO2-vrij: er is technisch gezien altijd koolstof nodig om staal te maken.


    Donald Pols, directeur van Milieudefensie en bekend van de klimaatzaak tegen Shell, denkt wel dat alles bespreekbaar moet zijn. Milieudefensie steunt de waterstofplannen van FNV. Maar voor Pols is de schaal 'minder' van belang, zegt hij. 'Voor ons telt dat we de ontwikkeling stimuleren en groen staal maken. Dat kan ook met een kleinere fabriek.'

    Pols zegt dat 'voor het proces' het eigenlijk wel goed zou zijn als alle opties worden meegenomen in een haalbaarheidsstudie. 'Dus ook minder capaciteit, het bouwen van huizen, of sluiting.'

    Luchtopname van het terrein van Tata Steel. Sluiten van 'IJmuiden' zou Nederland in één klap veel CO2-uitstoot besparen, evenals overlast voor omwonenden, kopzorgen voor toezichthouders en miljarden aan subsidies. Foto: Your Captain Luchtfotografie/ANP

    De gevoelige optie
    Terug naar de beginvraag: als we nu opnieuw zouden beginnen, zouden we dan een staalfabriek bouwen? Kán Nederland zonder de Hoogovens? Op papier is daar best iets voor te zeggen. Niet alle producten uit IJmuiden hebben hoge winstmarges. Bovendien is er overcapaciteit op de wereldwijde staalmarkt, waardoor jarenlang sprake was van lage verkoopprijzen. Ook het argument voor de oprichting in 1918 - het verminderen van de buitenlandse afhankelijkheid - houdt maar moeizaam stand. Het leeuwendeel van de productie wordt geëxporteerd.

    Nederland heeft daarnaast grote moeite om zijn klimaatdoelen te halen, en dat geldt als topprioriteit. Sluiten van 'IJmuiden' zou Nederland in één klap veel CO2-uitstoot besparen, evenals overlast voor omwonenden, kopzorgen voor toezichthouders en miljarden aan subsidies.

    En de alom gevreesde vergrijzing zou de pijn voor de werkgelegenheid kunnen verzachten: het jaarverslag van het eigen pensioenfonds leert dat in 2020 van de 9600 aangesloten werknemers er 1715 mensen ouder dan 60 jaar zijn. 3039 deelnemers zijn tussen de 50-59 jaar.

    Maar we beginnen niet op nul. Er zijn verzonken investeringen, nog altijd zo'n 4800 Tata-werknemers die jonger zijn dan 50 jaar en de fabriek draagt miljarden bij aan de economie. Ongetwijfeld daarom durft niemand - vooral in Den Haag - sluiting überhaupt als optie op tafel te leggen.
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